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American Landscape Architecture
Yu Kongjian; Liu Dongyun;
Based on elaborating the concepts of landscape and landscape architecture,this article summarized the history of Amrican landscape architecture, representative landscape architects with their ideas and the professional area landscape architect dealt with, aiming at introducing Armerican landscape architecture to great masters.

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¡¡¡¡Frederick Law OlmstedÒÔÆ䳤´ï30¶àÄêµÄ¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼Æʵ¼ù¶ø±»ÓþΪ"ÃÀ¹úÔ°ÁÖÖ®¸¸"¡£ ËûµÄ´´×÷¹ý³Ìͨ³£·ÖΪÎå¸ö½×¶Î£¬¼´£ºÅ¦Ô¼µÄÖÐÑ빫԰£¨Central Park, 1857£©£»²¼Â³¿ËÁÖµÄÏ£Íû¹«Ô°(Prospect Park, 1866)£»Ö¥¼Ó¸çµÄ±õºÓÂ̵أ¨Riverside Estate, 1869£©£»²¨Ê¿¶ÙµÄ¹«Ô°µÀ(Parkway, 1880)£»Ö¥¼Ó¸çµÄ¸çÂ×±ÈÑÇÊÀ½ç²©ÀÀ»á(1893)¡£´ËÍâËû»¹´Ù³ÉµÄ¹ú¼Ò¹«Ô°Ô˶¯£¬ÊÇÃÀ¹ú¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆʦЭ»áµÄ´´Ê¼È˺ÍÃÀ¹ú¾°¹ÛÉè¼ÆרҵµÄ´´Ê¼ÈË¡£Olmsted¼«ÉÙÖøÊéÁ¢Ëµ£¬µ«ÊÇËûµÄ¾­ÑéÉú̬˼Ïë¡¢¾°¹ÛÃÀѧºÍ¹ØÐÄÉç»áµÄ˼Ï룬ȴͨ¹ýËûµÄѧÉúºÍ×÷Æ·¶ÔºóÀ´µÄ¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼Æ²úÉú¾Þ´óµÄÓ°Ïì¡£

¡¡¡¡John Charles Olmsted, Olmsted¼Ì×Ó£¬ÃÀ¹ú¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆʦЭ»áµÄµÚÒ»ÈÎÀíʳ¤, Ê®¾ÅÊÀ¼ÍÀËÂþÖ÷ÒåºÍ¶þÊ®ÊÀ¼ÍÏÖʵÖ÷ÒåµÄÇÅÁº¡£Ëû¼Ì³Ð²¢ÍØÕ¹ÁËOlmstedµÄ˼ÏëºÍÒµÎñ£¬¹æ»®ºÍÉè¼ÆÎÞÊý¹«Ô°¡¢¹«Ô°ÏµÍ³¡¢Ñ§Ð£µÈ£¬¶Ô³ÇÊÐÐÎ̬ºÍ³ÇÊÐÉú»îµÄÆ·ÖÊÓ°ÏìºÜ´ó¡£Federick Law Olmsted,Jr, ²¢²»ÊÇÓÉÓÚËûµÄ¸¸Ç×Olmsted¶øÊÇÓÉÓÚËû¶Ô¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆµÄÍØÕ¹ºÍÉîÈ룬ÓÈÆäÊÇÔÚÇøÓòºÍ³ÇÊй滮·½ÃæµÄ½Ü³ö¹±Ï׶øÉùÓþ¼«Íú,ËûÔø×÷ΪÂóÃ×À¼Î¯Ô±»á³ÉÔ±²ÎÓ뻪ʢ¶ÙÌØÇøµÄÖØй滮ºÍÉè¼Æ³¤´ï¼¸Ê®Äê, ºóÀ´Ò²µ£ÈιýÃÀ¹ú¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆʦЭ»áµÄÀíʳ¤¡£

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¡¡¡¡3.2 Charles Eliot

¡¡¡¡Eliot×î½Ü³öµÄ¹±Ï×ÊÇÔÚ1890ÄêµÄWaverly OaksÒ»ÎÄ£¬ºôÓõ¶ÔBelmontɽµÄһƬ´¦Å®ÁÖ½øÐб£»¤¡£ÕâƪÎÄÕ´Ùʹ1890ÄêMIT±£»¤ÃÀÀö·ç¾°µÄ»áÒéµÄÕÙ¿ªºÍ´ÎÄêÃÀ¹ú¹«¹²±£»¤Ð­»á(the Trustees of Public Reservations)µÄ³ÉÁ¢£¬ÒÔ¼°1893Ä겨ʿ¶Ù´ó¶¼»á¹«Ô°ÏµÍ³(Eliot, 1893)µÄ²úÉú¡£½ñÌ죬Eliot×÷Ϊ"²¨Ê¿¶Ù´ó¶¼»á¹«Ô°ÏµÍ³Ö®¸¸"¶ø±»ÈËÃÇËù»³Äî¡£

¡¡¡¡3.3 Henry Vincent Hubbard

¡¡¡¡Hubbard Êǹþ·ð´óѧ¾°¹ÛÉè¼ÆѧѧλµÄµÚÒ»¸ö»ñµÃÕß¡£×÷Ϊ¹þ·ð´óѧ¾°¹ÛÉè¼ÆѧµÄÔçÆÚ½ÌÓý¼Ò£¬Hubbard 1929ÄêÖ÷³ÖÉèÁ¢Á˵ÚÒ»¸ö¶ÀÁ¢µÄ³ÇÊй滮ϵ¡£Í¬Ê±£¬×÷ΪLandscape ArchitectureºÍCity PlanningÕâÁ½±¾È¨ÍþÔÓÖ¾µÄ´´Ê¼È˺ÍÖ÷±à£¬Hubbard ·¢±í´óÁ¿ÓйØ20ÊÀ¼Í¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆÈȵãÎÊÌâºÍÄѵãÎÊÌâµÄÎÄÕ£¬²¢³ö°æÁËOur Cities To-day and To-morrow:A Survey of Planning and Zoning Progress in the United States(1929)Ò»Êé¡£

¡¡¡¡3.4 Steele

¡¡¡¡SteeleÇãÏòÓÚ´ÓÒâ´óÀûÎÄÒÕ¸´ÐËÔ°Áֺͷ¨¹úѧԺÅÉÑ°ÇóÁé¸Ð£¬²¢ÊÔͼÔÚ×Ô¼ºµÄÉè¼ÆÖÐÔËÓÃÏÖ´úµÄ¸ÅÄî¡£1925Äê°ÍÀè"¹ú¼ÊÏÖ´ú¹¤ÒÕÃÀÊõÕ¹"Ç°ºóÅ·ÖÞÇ°ÎÀµÄ˼ÏëºÍ×÷Æ·±»Ëû½éÉܵ½ÃÀ¹ú£¬ÒýÆðºÜ´óµÄ·´Ïì¡£1938ÄêËûÉè¼ÆµÄ"À¶É«µÄ½×ÌÝ(Blue Stairs)"¾ßÓÐÃ÷ÏÔµÄ"ÐÂÒÕÊõÔ˶¯"µÄÌØÕ÷¡£ËûÊÇÃÀ¹úÏÖ´ú¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆµÄÆôÃÉÈËÖ®Ò»¡£

¡¡¡¡3.5 Thomas Church

¡¡¡¡²®¿ËÀû¼ÓÖÝ´óѧºÍ¹þ·ð´óѧµÄÓÅÐã±ÏÒµÉúChurch£¬ÖÂÁ¦ÓÚµØÖк£µØÇø»¨Ô°Éè¼ÆµÄ´«Í³ÔÚ¼ÓÖݵÄÓ¦Óá£ÊÜÏÖ´ú½¨Öþ¡¢ÏÖ´úÒÕÊõµÄÓ°Ï죬Church´´ÔìÁËÒ»¸öеľ°¹ÛÉè¼Æ·ç¸ñ£­"¼ÓÖÝ»¨Ô°Ñ§ÅÉ"¡£ ChurchµÄ½ü2,000¸ö»¨Ô°ÖУ¬Donnel»¨Ô°(1948)±»ÈÏΪÊÇÃÀ¹úÏÖ´ú¾°¹ÛÉè¼ÆµÄ´ú±í×÷Ö®Ò»¡£ÔÚGardens are for PeopleÒ»ÊéÖУ¬ËûÈÏΪ¾°¹ÛµÄÐÎʽȡ¾öÓÚ³¡µØµÄÌØÐÔ¡¢½¨ÖþµÄ·ç¸ñºÍÒµÖ÷µÄÉú»î·½Ê½£¬·´¶Ô¾ø¶ÔµÄÐÎʽÖ÷Òå¡£

¡¡¡¡3.6 Eckbo

¡¡¡¡Eckbo£¬ÏÖ´ú¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆµÄÀíÂÛ¼Ò¡£ÔçÔÚ1938ÄêEckbo¼´·¢±íÁËSmall Gardens in the CityÒ»ÎÄ£¬Ì½Ë÷Á˸÷ÖÖÌõ¼þϵijÇÊл¨Ô°Éè¼Æ¡£1939£­1941Ä꣬EckboºÍRose¡¢KileyºÏ×÷·¢±íLandscape Design in the Urban Enviroment£¬Landscape Design in the Rural EnviromentºÍLandscape Design in the Primeval EnviromentµÈһϵÁÐÎÄÕ£¬1950ÄêËûÓÖ·¢±íLandscapes for LivingÒ»Ê飬¶Ô¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆµÄÀÏ´«Í³½øÐÐÁËÇ¿ÁеÄÅê»÷£¬µì¶¨ÁËÏÖ´ú¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆµÄÀíÂÛ»ù´¡¡£ËûµÄÖ÷Òª¹ÛµãÊÇ£º"ÈË"×÷Ϊ¾°¹ÛÖÐ×î»îÔ¾µÄÒòËØ£¬Ò»Çо°¹ÛµÄ¹æ»®Éè¼Æ¶¼Ó¦¸ÃΪ֮·þÎñ£»¾°¹ÛµÄÐÎʽȡ¾öÓÚÓɳ¡µØ¡¢Æøºò¡¢Ö²ÎïµÈÌõ¼þ£»"¿Õ¼ä"ÊÇÉè¼ÆµÄ×îÖÕÄ¿±ê¡£

¡¡¡¡3.7 D. Kiley

¡¡¡¡KileyÕâλÖØʵ¼ù¶øÉÙÀíÂÛµÄÉè¼Æʦ£¬Ò²ÊÇÏÖ´ú¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆµÄÖØÒªÈËÎËùÉè¼ÆµÄÖØÒª×÷Æ·ÓУºMiller Gerden(1955)¡¢¼ÓÖݵİ¿ËÀ¼²©Îï¹Ý(1969)¡¢´ïÀ­Ë¹µÄÅçȪ¹ã³¡(1985)¡¢·ðÂÞÀï´ï±±¿¨ÂÞÀûÄɹú¼ÒÒøÐеĶ̨»¨Ô°(1988)µÈ¡£Ëû³£³£ÓÃÍø¸ñÀ´È·¶¨¾°¹ÛÔªËصÄλÖ㬳ýÔ²ÒÔÍâºÜÉÙÓÃÇúÏߣ¬¼¸ºÎÔªËصı任±íÏÖ³öÇ¿ÁÒµÄÖÈÐò£¬µ«È´ºÍÖÜΧ»·¾³¡¢½¨ÖþÏàЭµ÷Ò»Ö¶ø²»¿ÌÒâÍ»³ö×Ô¼º¡£

¡¡¡¡3.8 L.Harprin

¡¡¡¡Harprin £¬ÃÀ¹úÏÖ´ú¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆµÚ¶þ´úµÄ´ú±íÈËÎï¡£1961ÄêΪ²¨ÌØÀ¼ÊÐÉè¼ÆµÄ°üÀ¨Lovejoy Plaza¡¢ Pettigrove ParkºÍAuditorium Forecourt PlazaÔÚÄÚµÄһϵÁй㳡ºÍÂ̵أ¬ÏÔʾ³öËû¶ÔÖ±Ïß¡¢ÕÛÏßµÈÐÎʽÓïÑÔµÄæµÊìÓ¦ÓúͶÔË®¡¢Ë®ÄàµÈ²ÄÖʵÄÌì²Å°ÑÎÕ¡£ÔÚÀíÂÛÉÏ£¬Freeways(1966)̽ÌÖ¸ßËÙ¹«Â·´øÀ´µÄÖÖÖÖÎÊÌ⣬²¢Õë¶ÔÕâЩÎÊÌâÌá³öһЩ½â¾öµÄ°ì·¨£» RSVP Cycles(1970)¡¢Notebook of Lawrence Harprin(1972)¡¢ Tark Part(1974)µÈÖø×÷·ÖÎöÈËÃÇÔÚ¾°¹ÛÖÐÔ˶¯Ê±µÄ¿Õ¼ä¸ÐÊܺÍÆäËü¸Ð¹ÙµÄ¸ÐÊÜ£¬ÈÏΪÉè¼Æ²»½öÊÇÊÓ¾õÒâÏóµÄ½¨Á¢£¬¸üÖØÒªµÄÊÇʹÓÃÕߵIJÎÓë¡£

¡¡¡¡3.9 Ian McHarg--Éú̬¹æ»®µÄ³«µ¼Õß

¡¡¡¡¶þ´Î´óÕ½ºó£¬Õ½ºóÎ÷·½µÄ¹¤Òµ»¯ºÍ³ÇÊл¯·¢Õ¹´ïµ½¸ß·å£¬½¼Çø»¯µ¼Ö³ÇÊÐÂûÑÓ£¬»·¾³ÓëÉú̬ϵͳÔâµ½ÆÆ»µ£¬ÈËÀàµÄÉú´æºÍÑÓÐøÊܵ½Íþв¡£ÕýÊÇÔÚÕâÑùÒ»ÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬Ian McHarg³ÉΪ¾°¹Û¹æ»®×îÖØÒªµÄ´úÑÔÈË¡£McHargÓÚ1969ÄêÊ×ÏÈ¿¸ÆðÁËÉú̬¹æ»®µÄ´óÆ죬ËûµÄ¡¶Éè¼Æ½áºÏ×ÔÈ»¡·£¨Design with Nature£¬1969£©½¨Á¢Á˵±Ê±¾°¹Û¹æ»®µÄ×¼Ôò£¬±ê־מ°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆרҵÓ¸ҵسе£Æðºó¹¤ÒµÊ±´úÖØ´óµÄÈËÀàÕûÌåÉú̬»·¾³¹æ»®Éè¼ÆµÄÖØÈΣ¬Ê¹¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆרҵÔÚOlmstedµì¶¨µÄ»ù´¡ÉÏÓÖ´ó´óÀ©Õ¹Á˻¿Õ¼ä¡£McHargÒ»·´ÒÔÍùÍÁµØºÍ³ÇÊй滮Öй¦ÄÜ·ÖÇøµÄ×ö·¨£¬Ç¿µ÷ÍÁµØÀûÓù滮Ӧ×ñ´Ó×ÔÈ»¹ÌÓеļÛÖµºÍ×ÔÈ»¹ý³Ì£¬¼´ÍÁµØµÄÊÊÒËÐÔ£¬²¢Òò´ËÍêÉÆÁËÒÔÒò×Ó·Ö²ã·ÖÎöºÍµØͼµþ¼Ó¼¼ÊõΪºËÐĵĹ滮·½·¨ÂÛ£¬±»³ÆÖ®?quot;ǧ²ã±ýģʽ"£¬´Ó¶ø½«¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆÌá¸ßµ½Ò»¸ö¿ÆѧµÄ¸ß¶È£¬³ÉΪ±¾ÊÀ¼Í¹æ»®Ê·ÉÏÒ»´Î×îÖØÒªµÄ¸ïÃü¡£(ͼ6£¬I. McHarg, Óá¿×¼áÉã)¡£

¡¡¡¡3.10 Peter Walker

¡¡¡¡Peter Walker £¬80Äê´úÒÔºó×îÖØÒªµÄ¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼Æʦ¡£60Äê´úµÄ´óµØÒÕÊõºÍ¼«¼òÒÕÊõ¶ÔWalkerÓ°Ï켫´ó£¬ÒÔÖÂËûÔÚÒÔºóµÄÉè¼ÆÖо­³£ÔËÓÃÕâЩÒÕÊõµÄ´¦ÀíÊÖ·¨¡£¹þ·ð´óѧµÄTannerÅçȪ(1979-1984), µÂ¿ËÈø˹ÖݵÄIBMÑо¿ÖÐÐÄ(1990)Éè¼ÆÊÇÆä´ú±í×÷¡£WalkerËù×¢Öصĸü¶àµÄÊÇÓÉÉ«²Ê¡¢Ä£Ê½¡¢²ã´ÎºÍ¿Õ¼äËù¹¹³ÉµÄÊÓ¾õ¾°¹Û£¬´Ó¶ø°Ñ¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆµÄÒÕÊõÌá¸ßµ½Ò»¸öеĸ߶È(ͼ7£¬Peter WalkerºÍSWA×÷Æ·£¬¼ÓÖÝIRVINE±íÑÝÒÕÊõÖÐÐÄ, Óá¿×¼áÉã)¡£

¡¡¡¡4 80Äê´úºóµÄ¾°¹ÛÉú̬¹æ»®Ä£Ê½

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¡¡¡¡5 ÃÀ¹ú¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆʦµÄÖ÷ÒªÖ°Òµ·¶Î§

¡¡¡¡5.1 ³ÇÊй滮(City Planning)

¡¡¡¡¾°¹Û¹æ»®Éè¼ÆʦµÄ³ÇÊй滮½ÇÉ«¿ªÊ¼ºÜÔ磬 1858ÄêOlmstedºÍCalvert VauxÉè¼ÆŦԼÖÐÑ빫԰£¬¼°ÆäÒÔºóÖ±ÖÁ¶þÊ®ÊÀ¼Í³õ³ÇÊй«Ô°ÏµÍ³µÄÑݽø£¬¶¼ÊdzÇÊз¢Õ¹ÉϵÄÖØÒª¹æ»®¹ÛÄʮ¾ÅÊÀ¼ÍÖÐÆÚOlmsted¡¢Jed Hotchkiss¡¢H.W.S.ClevelandµÈÈËÉè¼ÆµÄ½¼Çø³ÇÕò£¬Ò²ÊǵÚÒ»¸öÓÐ×éÖ¯µÄ³ÇÊл¯¹ÛÄî¡£1901ÄêFrederick Law Olmsted,Jr.×÷ΪÂóÃ×À¼Î¯Ô±»á³ÉÔ±²ÎÓ뻪ʢ¶ÙÌØÇøµÄÖØÐÂÉè¼Æ£¬´Ëºó¼¸Ê®ÄêËûÒ»Ö±´ÓÊÂÇøÓò¹æ»®ºÍ³ÇÊй滮¹¤×÷¡£

¡¡¡¡ÒÔ1893ÄêÖ¥¼Ó¸ç²©ÀÀ»áΪÆõ»ú?quot;³ÇÊÐÃÀ»¯Ô˶¯"£¬ÊdzÇÊй滮·¢Õ¹µÄÁíÒ»¸öÖ÷Òª¶¯Á¦¡£¼ÇÕßChar1es Mulford Robinson´´ÔìÁË"³ÇÊÐÃÀ»¯"£¨The City Beautiful£©Ò»´Ê£¬ºóÀ´Ëû´Óʹ滮²¢Ð´³öÒ»±¾Ó°Ï켫´óµÄÊ飬¼´Modern Civic Art£¬or the City Made Beautiful (C. M. Robinson£¬l903£©¡£

¡¡¡¡µ±Ê±¸ºÔð×éÖ¯³ÇÊй滮רҵµÄ¶àÊǾ°¹Û½¨Öþʦ¡£1909ÄêµÚÒ»½ì³ÇÊй滮»áÒéÕÙ¿ª£¬Frederick Law Olmsted,Jr.ºÍJohn NolenÔÚ»áÒéÉ϶¼ÓÐÖØÒªµÄÂÛÎÄ·¢±í¡£Í¬ÄêNolen˵·þÍþ˹¿µÐÁÖݵÄÁ¢·¨Î¯Ô±Í¨¹ý·¨°¸£¬Ê×´ÎÊÚȨ¸÷³ÇÊгÉÁ¢¹æ»®Î¯Ô±»á²¢³ï°ì³ÇÊй滮¡£James S. PrayÒ²ÓÚͬһÄêÔÚ¹þ·ð¾°¹Û½¨Öþϵ¿ªÉèµÚÒ»¸ö³ÇÊй滮¿Î³Ì¡£1915ÄêÊ®Ëĸö¾°¹ÛÉè¼Æʦ´øÍ·´´Á¢ÃÀ¹ú³ÇÊй滮ѧ»á£¨Ò²¼´ÏÖÔÚÃÀ¹úµÄ¹æ»®Ð­»á£©£¬1923Äê¹þ·ð´óѧÔÚ¾°¹ÛÉè¼ÆϵÖÐÔö¼Ó³ÇÊй滮×飬²¢ÔÚ1929ÄêÓÉHenry V. HubbardÖ÷³ÖÉèÁ¢µÚÒ»¸ö¶ÀÁ¢µÄ³ÇÊй滮ϵ¡£½ÓÏÂÀ´¼¸Ê®Ä꣬³ÇÊй滮רҵÈÕ½¥×Â׳²¢»ñµÃÁ¢·¨Ö§³Ö£¬¹æ»®Éè¼ÆʦһֱÊÇÖÚ¶àµÄ³ÇÊй滮ºÏ×÷С×éµÄÖ÷Òª³ÉÔ±£¬ÓÐʱÉõÖÁµ£ÈÎÁìµ¼ÈË¡£

¡¡¡¡5.2 ÐÂÕòºÍÉçÇø¹æ»®(New towns and Communities Planning)

¡¡¡¡ÕâÀïµÄ"ÐÂÕò"ºÍ"ÉçÇø"Ìرðָģ·¶´å(model villages)¡¢½¼ÇøÉçÇø(suburban communities)¡¢Éç»áÉçÇø(social communities)¡¢ÌïÔ°³ÇÊÐ(garden cities)µÈ¡£19ÊÀ¼Í×îÓÐÃûµÄÐÂÕòºÍÉçÇø¹æ»®ÊÇOlmsted¹æ»®µÄRiverside(1868-1870)£¬Ëüͨ¹ýÌú·ºÍÖ¥¼Ó¸çÏàÁª£¬ÒÔ´©Ô½¸ÃÉçÇøµÄºÓÁ÷Ϊý½é£¬OlmstedÑغÓÁ½±ß¹æ»®ÁË´óƬµÄÂ̵أ¬²¢ºÍÉçÇøÄÚ´ÎÒ»¼¶µÄÂ̵ØÏàÁªÏµ£¬´Ó¶ø¹¹³É¸ÃÉçÇøµÄ¿ª·Å¿Õ¼äϵͳ¡£ÕâЩ»·¾³ÓÅÃÀµÄÐÂÕòºÍÉçÇøÊÇ1870£­1930ÄêÓÐÇ®µÄÃÀ¹úÈ˵ķ¿²ú£¬»òÊǹ«Ë¾ÆóҵΪԱ¹¤Ðݽ¨µÄÄ£·¶´å¡£

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¡¡¡¡5.3 ³ÇÊй«Ô°£¨Urban Parks£©

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¡¡¡¡5.5 Éç»á»ú¹¹ºÍÆóÒµÔ°¾°¹Û(Institutional and Corporate Landscape)

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¡¡¡¡5.6 ¹ú¼Ò¹«Ô°ºÍ¹ú¼ÒÉ­ÁÖ(National Parks and National Forests)

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¡¡¡¡¹ú¼Ò¹«Ô°ÊðµÚһλÖ÷¹ÜStephen Mather¼°Æä¼ÌÈÎÕ߶¼¼«ÖØÊÓÃÀ¹ú¾°¹ÛÉè¼ÆʦЭ»áµÄ½¨Ò飬²¢ÒÐÖؾ°¹ÛÉè¼ÆʦÀ´Ö¸µ¼¹ú¼Ò¹«Ô°ÏµÍ³µÄ·¢Õ¹¡£ÔÚСOlmsted, Pray, Warren H. Manning, Harold Caparn, James Greenleaf£¨ÕâЩÈ˶¼µ£ÈιýÃÀ¹ú¾°¹ÛÉè¼ÆʦЭ»áµÄÀíʳ¤£©µÈ¹ËÎʵÄЭÖúÏ£¬¹ú¼Ò¹«Ô°Êð¼ÌÐø¼Ó¿ì½øÐÐÉ趨±ß½ç¡¢ÓªµØ¡¢½¨ÖþÎï¡¢µÀ·¡¢ÇÅÁºµÈ¹«Ô°ÉèÊ©µÄ¹¤×÷¡£´óÏôÌõʱÆÚÖƶ¨ºÍʵÐеÄCivilian Conservation Corps¼Æ»®£¬ÒÔ¼°1956Ä꿪ʼµÄMission 66 ÕûÐ޼ƻ®ÖУ¬¾°¹ÛÉè¼Æʦ¶Ô×ÔÈ»¡¢ÀúÊ·¡¢ÎÄ»¯ºÍ·ç¾°×ÊÔ´µÄ±£»¤¹ý³ÌÖз¢»ÓÁ˾޴óµÄ×÷Ó᣿ÉÒÔÕâÑù˵£º¹ú¼Ò¹«Ô°ÊðÊÇÊܾ°¹ÛÉè¼ÆʦӰÏì×î´óµÄÕþ¸®»ú¹¹Ö®Ò»¡£

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¡¡¡¡Edward H. Stone II1965Äê³ÉΪ×ܾ°¹ÛÉè¼Æʦ£¬Ëû¶Ô¾°¹ÛÉè¼ÆרҵµÄÀ©Õ¹ºÍ½áºÏÓкܴóµÄÓ°Ïì¡£Êܵ½µ±Ê±»·¾³Ô˶¯ºÍÉ­ÁÖ¿³·¥ÕùÒéµÄÓ°Ï죬ËûÔÚÉϼ¶¹ÜÀí½×²ãµÄÖ§³ÖÏ£¬¿ªÊ¼Ò»¸ö´´Ðµİüº¬ÑµÁ·¡¢ÍÁµØ¹ÜÀí¡¢ºÍ¼à²ìµÈ¹¦ÄܵÄÊÓ¾õ×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí¼Æ»®¡£Warren BaconºÍ¼ÓÀû¸£ÄáÑÇ´óѧ²®¿ËÀû·ÖУ¾°¹ÛÉè¼Æ½ÌÊÚR. Burton LittonµÈÈËÊÇÕâ¸öмƻ®µÄ¹Ø¼üÈËÎǰÕßÉõÖÁÉèÁ¢ÁËÒ»Ì×ά»¤·ç¾°Æ·ÖÊÓë±£»¤×ÔÈ»×ÊÔ´µÄ×¼Ôò¡£

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²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×£º

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